The Reconstruction Era after the Civil War - 558 Words

The Reconstruction Era The Reconstruction Era was looked upon with much optimism, considering that abolitionists and African Americans believed that this process would make it possible for them to achieve their goals. The project was generally meant to assist the South in reintegrating in the Union and in assisting African Americans to become equal to white individuals in the U.S. The Freedmen were apparently one of the main missions that the Reconstruction was designed for and it actually seemed that things would be much better for black people when considering the degree of discrimination that they suffered until that time. The end of the Civil War seemed to be a glorious time and African Americans were especially confident that things would change significantly when considering their position in the country. Lincolns experiments with providing slaves with land further reinforced their hopes and influenced them in considering that racism would no longer be a pressing problem under the circumstances. Individuals supporting the Reconstruction got actively engaged in helping any way that they could and they actually played an important role in helping society understand that it needed to refrain from discriminating African Americans. The eleven seceding states were believed to have learned an important lesson and everything seemed to be getting back to normal, with the principal exception being that African Americans had become equal to white people. In spite of theShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Reconstruction Era: The Planted Seeds1231 Words   |  5 PagesThe first roar of the Civil War ended with a last gasp for air. Where in such a war more than six hundred twenty thousand men sacrificed their lives for their own belief in the abolishment of slavery (â€Å"Civil War Facts†). â€Å"We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain. That this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom† (Baslor). These wise words of Abraham Lincoln cleared the way of a desolate trail of violence and pain, yet he was determined to accomplish his plansRead MoreThe Civil War Was A Grave Cause Of Many Events. Many People1663 Words   |  7 PagesThe civil war was a grave cause of many events. Many people may see the results of the war as a chain reaction to many following eras. One of the most prominent eras that emerged from the civil war was the reconstruction era. The reconstruction era emerged around 1 865 and continued until 1877. This time period generally refers to the time in United States history in which the federal government set the conditions that would allow the rebellious Southern states back into the Union. The States wereRead MoreHow Did The Radical Republican s Rise For The Failure Of The Post Civil War Reconstruction?1619 Words   |  7 Pagesfailure of the post-civil war reconstruction? The time between 1863, when Lincoln passed the ten percent act, until the year 1877, when reconstruction was officially ended, will be evaluated with information provided by the sources. The investigation will specifically look to how the Lincoln assassination allowed for the rise in the Radical Republican Party from 1866 to 1868 and the party’s effect on reconstruction acts leading to the failure of the post-civil war reconstruction era. Eric Foner’s novelRead MoreThe American Civil War1418 Words   |  6 PagesGuns fired, smoke lingering in the air, people dying. The American Civil War had a huge impact on the United States. Two compromises took place before the start of the Civil War. These compromises include the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. The Missouri Compromise dealt with the crisis in 1819 over Missouri entering the Union as a slave state. The compromise was â€Å"the first major crisis over slavery, and it shattered a tacit agreement between the two regions that had been in placeRead MoreThe End Of The 20th Century1544 Words   |  7 PagesHistory since the end of the Civil War to the end of the 20th century has changed drastically when you asses America on an economic, social, and political level. The changes between the end of the 19th century and the end of the 20th century are the cause in the way America has been shaped and how American’s think. In fact, industrializa tion and urbanization, equal rights for all citizens, and two world wars played a major role in the shape of America to our understanding. Although, there are numerousRead MoreThe Reconstruction Era And The Jim Crow Era1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe Reconstruction Era and The Jim Crow Era were both times of Rapid growth in the United States that were characterized by changes not only on the intrapersonal level, but also on the cultural and legislative level. The Reconstruction Era occurred directly after the civil war and spanned twelve years from 1865 to 1877 , while the Jim Crow Era occurred from 1877 to 1954. Some of the common themes of these eras were race relations and tension between northern states and southern states. The firstRead MoreThe End Of The Reconstruction1318 Words   |  6 Pages1860’s there was an Era that started called the reconstruction. The main purpose for the reconstruction was to give African-American people full political and civil equality. How ever, it was very tough to do this, especially since most white in the south didn’t want the African-Americans to have the same rights as themselves. During this Era there were multiple good things that happened, yet, there were also many bad things that happened. For instance, during the reconstruction the 14th amendmentRead MoreReconstruction in America971 Words   |  4 PagesThe period of reconstruction in the south was a period of social reconstruction on a scale not previously seen in American history. The Reconstruction era occurred after the Civil War period, and lasted from 1864 to 1877. The Reconstruction period brought upon an era of Martial Law, a change of social consciousness towards slavery and the rights of African Americans, a New South with closer ties to the North. Emancipated Slaves, Northerners, and White Southerners all had different opinions towardsRead MoreReconstruction Era1650 Words   |  7 PagesReconstruction 1 The Reconstruction Era Jessica Onken American History Since 1865 Professor Tim Johnston August 2, 2010 Reconstruction 2 The Reconstruction Era The reconstruction era was a difficult time for the African American slaves from 1865 to 1877 because the slaves were freed and there were no jobs for them, had very little or no education, and had very limited opportunity in the south. Reconstruction was one of the most critical periods in American History. The CivilRead MoreReconstruction Of Reconstruction During The Civil War883 Words   |  4 Pages Describe and analyze Reconstruction. Did Reconstruction have any successes? The end of civil war in the United States of America brought about many problems, in particular for the South. Some of the problems were political, economic decay and social disorder. The war destroyed the plantations and crops thus causing many to starve to death while others became homeless. The reconstruction became the only hope for the people. Radical reconstruction began in 1867, which enabled the freed black men

A Realist Analysis of the Cuban Missile Crisis - 1867 Words

The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 is undeniably a major confrontation of the Cold War. Lasting for 13 days it is arguably the pinnacle of the Cold War. This crisis was a decisive factor in the United States’ (US) decision process of whether to engage in a nuclear war with the Soviet Union (USSR). However the essential fault of both state leaders (J. Kennedy and N. Khrushchev) which created the inevitable crisis was miscommunication. Today we recognise actions taken by both states during the crisis as consistent with a realist point of view. Realism holds great emphasise on the obstacles enforced by human nature and the non-attendance of an international government. Creating international politics an area focused on power and state-interest.†¦show more content†¦This realist fundamental greatly aids in the miscommunications of states, as seen with the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cuban Missile Crisis. An anarchic international system also creates a constant security dilemma between states. In the theology of realism, there is no hierarchy above world powers to instil rules and provide state protection. This lack of security provided by an overruling power encourages states to seek security for themselves. States often believe security lies in the accumulation of power, as seen in the Cuban Missile Crisis. This often causes states to compete for power in order to maintain protection. After the destruction of World War I article 1-26 of the Treaty of Versailles outlines the creation of the League of Nations. This was an attempt at creating an international government to which all states would answer to. However it relied on the willingness of world powers to cede a degree of power to the League of Nations, which a realism regime would not allow. The United States submission for protection to the United nations during the Cuban Missile Crisis and their ineffectiveness, further suppor ts the notion of an anarchic international system. After the United Nations failure to protect its members, the United States then created their own security in the form of a naval blockade. A letter sent by Kennedy to Khrushchev, communicated to the USSR to tread carefully.Show MoreRelatedJfk And Khrushchev s Impact On The World War II1293 Words   |  6 Pagespeople would remember as the closest we ever came to a nuclear war. To many Americans this was very frightening; we have all heard what nuclear weapons can do. No one wants to feel the effects of these nuclear weapons. But you may ask, what caused the crisis and why did it not end in World War III? Who and/or what were the most important actors, structures and institutions involved? And most importantly, which characteristics of those actors, structures and institutions provide the strongest, clearestRead MoreThe Issue Of Nuclear Weapons883 Words   |  4 PagesUkraine is under attack by Russian forces. This paper will explore the extent that nuclear weapons could have played in affecting Russia’s decision to carry out its invasion of sovereign Ukrainian territory. To begin, it should be understood that this analysis focuses on alternative possibilities and therefore impossible to prove or disprove. Instead, this should be viewed as a play on facts and behaviors of the states involved and applies arguments made by different theorists regarding nuclear weaponsRead MoreWorld Events And Trends Can Be Analyzed Through The Three Levels Of Analysis1511 Words   |  7 Pagesthe three levels of analysis. These three levels being the individual, state and system, these help with understanding and analyzing events through the different factors that drive these events. The individual level helps in understanding how individuals, such as leaders, and their personalities affect the outcomes of conflict (Rourke, 65). State level factors discuss the actions of the state and the causes for its internal policies (Rourke, 78). Also, the system level of analysis, emphasizes the conditionsRead MoreThe Sixth Decade By Jonathan Schell1071 Words   |  5 Pagesenf orcement on the ban of nuclear material. The third and final proposal is taking greater action on the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty to confirm all nations are on the same playing field to dismantle nuclear weaponry. I plan on providing updated analysis in these issues as well. The Seventh Decade was written in 2007 and a lot has gone on since then in regards to nuclear activity and I plan on making it clear to the reader where the U.S. and the rest of the world stands. It has been seventy yearsRead MoreUnited States Grand Strategy during the Cold War with Emphasis on the Conflict in Vietnam2740 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction - Analysis of U.S. grand strategy during the Vietnam War cannot be fully understood without placing it in the context of the Cold War and the foreign policy of â€Å"containment.† In this context, details indicate that realist, liberalist, and constructivist theories all contributed to U.S. grand strategy at the time. However, more detailed analysis reveals that, while defensive realism was guiding foreign policy during this period of the cold war, offensive realism was the predominantRead MoreThe World Of International Relations2094 Words   |  9 Pagesimpactful leaders. There are also factors, domestic and global, that affect policy decisions and they include military capabilities, economic conditions, types of government, global distribution of power, and geopolitical powers. In 1962 during the Cuban missile crisis President Kennedy was faced with a situation that, if handled wrong, could end the world. When deciding on proper responses he would have to consider many of the factors that are discussed in the chapter like military capabilities. ThankfullyRead MoreEssay on Structural Problems of the United Nations Security Council2012 Words   |  9 Pages(Hurd 110). The way the structure of the UNSC was created in 1945 reflects the realist views that ‘if the great powers were not given a privileged position, the UN would not work’ (Baylis, Smith, and Owens 313). This is demonstrated by the veto power granted to the P5 member states which showcases the power politics that govern the UN. However, there has been a global shift toward neoliberal ideas in favor of the realist vantage point. Some examples of this shift would be that the concept of securityRead MoreInternational Organisations Encouraged International Peace And Amity2386 Words   |  10 Pagesassumes States are the most powerful, and the key actors. Since I aim to explain how globalization has made the theory of realism to deepen our knowledge about international relations close to redundant, the theory of realism must be understood. Realist theorists believe in â€Å"the continuing necessity of alliance-building, the role of the state as key political actor, the maintenance of a favourable balance of power† and state sovereignty (Wilkinson, P. 2007, p. 4). Furthermore, I have stated aboveRead MorePolitical Leadership And Its Importance3179 Words   |  13 Pagescould be insufficient. Regardless of his/her gender, a leader is an individual that possesses the necessary characteristics that will make or break his/her leadership. In her book, The Power of Latino leadership, Juana Bordas offers culture-based analysis of leadership. Although her book focuses on Latino culture, I find some of the leadership principles that she offers, relevant in trying to define political leadership. For example, Personalismo (The Character of the Leader) is a leadership principleRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslamentable. Taken together, the key themes and processes that have been selected as the focus for each of the eight essays provide a way to conceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust the crucial strands of historical development that tie the century together—one could add, for example, nationalism and decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as the essays demonstrate

Positioning and Differentation Free Essays

The positioning and differentiation strategies of two nearby hospitals, St. Francis Hospital located in Roslyn, New York and the Schneider Children’s Hospital in New Hyde Park, New York will be discussed in this article. These two institutions are located in Long Island, New York and are approximately 5. We will write a custom essay sample on Positioning and Differentation or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 miles apart from each other, servicing the nearby counties of Queens, Nassau and Suffolk.These renowned facilities are recognized for their specialty services throughout New York as well as the United States. The intent of this article is to examine the positioning and differentiation marketing strategies of these hospitals; how they have created and established a unique, identifiable image of their products and services (Positioning) and how their services differ from other institutions, and each other, to influence the consumer’s perception and preference (Differentiation). Saint Francis Hospital: The Heart CenterFounded by the Franciscan Missionaries of Mary in 1922, St. Francis Hospital is a full-service, 279-bed, nonprofit facility, located in the affluent area of Roslyn, New York. St. Francis is the only hospital in New York designated as a cardiac center (St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center, 2007). The institution declares to offer one of the leading cardiac care programs in the country, providing such services as cardiac surgery, catheterization, angioplasty and the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias (St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center).According to the New State Department of Health, the hospital has performed the highest caseload of cardiac surgery and catheterizations in the state with mortality rates significantly below the statewide average (New York State Department of Health, 2004, p. 14). The organization is very proud of these achievements and has announced its position in various advertisements found on local television, radio stations, community newsletters and a regional major newspaper across Long Island. The reputation of excellence, low mortality and using highly-advanced technology has been an excellent marketing trategy when differentiating this institution amongst local hospitals that perform the same procedures. The hospital also promotes that nearly all of its cases of isolated heart valve repair are carry out by a minimally invasive approach (St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center). Besides being acclaimed for cardiac surgery for all ages, the hospital is also offers full-service healthcare to its surrounding communities. The hospital treats patients in over two dozen different departments, including emergency services.The hospital was also rated one of the safest hospitals in the nation and ranked number 2 in New York State (HealthGrades, 2009). These ideal characteristics of the facility are found in all their promotional advertisement throughout the Long Island region. These ideal attributes positions their services to create a perception of uniqueness and high quality to patients, especially cardiac patients. Saint Francis Hospital has sparked an appeal to many because of these model techniques and statistics; most cardiac patients prefer to be treated at this facility.This differentiation strategy has been a successful venture; it has made the hospital the number one choice for cardiac care in the counties of Nassau and Suffolk among the 4 surrounding hospitals providing similar services (Best Hospitals, 2008). Schneider Children’s Hospital The second hospital of discussion is the Schneider Children’s Hospital (SCH); this institution is a 154 bed tertiary hospital located in New Hyde Park, New York and is part of the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health Care System. The hospital is committed to the complete care of children, from premature infants to adolescence.Since its inception in 1983, the hospital has provided outpatient medical service to over 162,000 children. The hospital treats a vast variety of diseases such as epilepsy, cancer, cardiac, and cystic fibrosis. Sp ecial services are provided for Lyme disease, the deaf, food allergies, immunology, human genetics, cardiac surgery, emergency and trauma. The facility proclaims to be â€Å"a destination hospital for children across the United States and around the world† (Schneider Children’s Hospital, n. d. , para. 1). SCH is the only hospital located on Long Island dedicated to the care of children.It has prided itself on being named one of America’s best children’s hospitals for two years in a row by the U. S. News and World Report (Best Children’s Hospitals: General Pediatrics, 2009). These rankings are based on good community standing, patient outcomes and care-related issues as patient volume, nursing care, advanced technology and recognition by outside organizations. The hospital has several consultation centers throughout Long Island and New York City to offer specialized healthcare to children right in their own community.The Centers provide specialized services for a broad range of medical conditions such as heart disease, neurological disorders, cancer, Lyme disease, growth deficiencies, and other childhood illnesses. The main marketing strategy to attract it target audience is through a community newsletter, its participation in community events and sponsorships, a pediatric mobile unit for the uninsured, television, radio and newspaper advertisements. The institution asserts that it provides the only pediatric emergency department with 24 hour pediatric attending coverage throughout Long Island.The hospital publicizes its emergency department as a Level 1 pediatric trauma center with a team of pediatric emergency physicians, surgeons, anesthesiologist and trauma nurses (Schneider Children’s Hospital); these distinctive healthcare services, along with a strong marketing and public relations department has persuaded many consumers’ perceptions and preferences for such services. Another service worth mentioning is that of its cardiac surgery division; SCH advertises that it has been recognized as one of the largest volume pediatric cardiac programs in New York State and the largest in Long Island.The hospital provides extensive experience with an entire range of congenital and acquired heart diseases in children and adolescence. The institution claims to be the only hospital on Long Island with the ability to provide extracorporeal membrane support for the support of certain high-risk pediatric cardiac patients. The image of having such technological advance equipment as well as the expertise for such procedures, positions SCH with high attributes as an advanced hospital for pediatric cardiac programs. The Similarities and Differences of the Organizations The similarities and differences between St.Francis Hospital and Schneider Children’s Hospital are quite evident; similarly each hospital treats children, pediatric cardiac procedures and pediatric emergency medicine; both are tertiary and trauma centers. The differences are also obvious; SCH only treats pediatrics and overall provides more pediatric specialty services than St. Francis Hospital. Saint Francis treats adults with congenital heart disease, besides children with such defects. SCH is the only facility that can provide extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for high-risk pediatric cardiac patients.These differences in the specific specialties allow these hospitals to coexist and maintain their own market niche or unique identities. By means of strategic positioning, St. Francis has been branded as â€Å"The Heart Center† of the region. This image of the institution has been successfully established in the minds of the consumer. The message has been driven by both the victorious marketing strategy of the hospital along with patient and physician word-of-mouth and free publicity by the media when success stories come to pass; the well planned-out marketing of St.Francis’ technological advances in cardiac surgery differentiate it from the competitors. When consumers or patients perceive the difference between this hospital and another tertiary care center, the preference of the consumer is due to the differences in quality, service and status. The same holds true for Schneider Children’s Hospital; their positioning strategy is clear through their mission statement expressed throughout their newsletters and ads, and states that they are dedicated to providing the highest level of care that speak to the special needs of children; from premature babies to adolescents.They also communicate to be a prominent hospital for children across the United States and around the world (Schneider Childrenâ€⠄¢s Hospital, n. d. ). SCH differentiates itself from the rest by being the only hospital located on Long Island dedicated to the care of children and provides a pediatric emergency department with the only 24 hour pediatric attending coverage throughout the region. Borna and Chapman noted (1993) consumer perceptions is the common underlying concept of both product differentiation and positioning.The positioning declaration must express how ones organization differs from the competition and this must be filled in the clients mind. The attributes of the above hospitals are viewed as different and unique and are highly valued by the community and its consumers. Their services offer a benefit considerable enough that stands out in the minds of the end user; this uniqueness is characterized by criteria such as quality, a high level of service, convenience, reputation and high technology.References Best Children’s Hospitals: General Pediatrics (2009). U. S. News World Report. Retrieved from http://www. snews. com/directories/hospitals/index_html/specialty+IHQPEDS/state+NY/metro_area+/name+/sort+/page_number+1/page_size+10 Best Hospitals: Heart and Heart Surgery. (2008). U. S. News World Report. Retrieved from http://www. usnews. com/directories/hospitals/index_html/specialty+IHQCARD/state+/page_number+1/page_size+10/sort+/name+/metro_area+Nassau-Suffolk/zip+/distance+/detail+more Borna, S. , Chapman, J. (1993). Product Differentiation and Positioning: Confused Concepts. American Journal of Business, 8 (1), 51-56. HealthGrades (2009). Patient Safety. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from http://www. healthgrades. om/consumer/index. cfm? fuseaction=modmodtype=hospitalsmodact=hospitals_search_resultsprodtype=hospratstate=NYcity=maparea=proc=tabset=psa New York State Department of Health (2004). Adult Cardiac Surgery in New York State [White paper]. Retrieved from New York State Department of Health: http://www. health. state. ny. us/nysdoh Schneider Children’s Hospital (n. d. ). About Us. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from http://www. schneiderchildrenshospital. org/ St. Francis Hospital and Heart Center (2007). About Us. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from http://www. stfrancisheartcenter. com/chsli/sfh/live/utility/about. html How to cite Positioning and Differentation, Papers

Global Business Australian Pharmaceutical Company

Question: Describe about the Global Business for Australian Pharmaceutical Company. Answer: Introduction The assignment seeks to explain the case of an Australian pharmaceutical company that aims to consider South Africa and China to expand the purview of the business and enter the global marketplace. With the changing perspective of the society, the pharmaceutical industry of China and South Africa occupies a phenomenal place in that sphere. China is the worlds largest producer of the medicine ingredients and has a leading medicinal drug market. At the same time, South Africa also maintains a supreme position in the domain of the pharmaceutical industry (Tsui and Lau 2012). The value of Africas pharmaceutical industry leaped to $20.8 billion in 2013 from a hitherto staggering $4.7 billion. The pharmaceutical business of both the countries (China and South Africa) is booming at a rapid pace (Papaioannou et al. 2015). The assignment reflects on the background of an Australian pharmaceutical research company (AMCAL Pharma) that endeavors to extend the scope of the business to the countries of China and South Africa and enter the global business. In the second segment, the paper evaluates the potential of both the countries (China and South Africa) through a comparative analysis of risks and opportunities. The third section explains and analyses the market strategy based on the business development and host country business milieu. Background to the company The discourse centers on the development and the growth of an Australian pharmaceutical company (AMCAL Pharma) that aims to expand the scope of the business to the countries of China and South Africa. Major General C.H Simpson founded Allied Master Chemicals of Australia Limited (Amcal) on 13 July 1937 (Www.amcal.com.au 2016). It was initiated as a movement that had an important influence on the development of pharmacy in Australia. The founding group comprised 11 pharmacists. A buying group that possessed by the members who all had the shares with the AMCAL group. It is still operating as a marketing group. However, a franchise segment of Amcal, entitled Amcal Max is functioning under an advantageous and competitive framework. Analysis of Risks and Challenges China With the growing economic potential of China, the peoples healthcare regimen is also reviving. Consequently, Chinas pharmaceutical market is accelerating at a rapid pace. The pharmaceutical market has witnessed an average growth rate of between 15% and 17% over the past decade. According to variegated sources, the net profit of Chinas pharmaceutical industry in 2012 was $60 billion. The pharmaceutical market will achieve a comprehensive growth rate of 12% from 2013 to 2020 (Www.pacificbridgemedical.com 2014) Of all the production, half of the sales go to western drug segment and the rest get absorbed into the fold of the Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM). On the other hand, a large part goes to nutraceuticals and biologics. In 2011, China took the third position in the particular sphere, greater than the UK, Italy, Canada, Spain or Brazil (Gasman et al. 2013). In the recent time, China endures the most of risks and challenges in the sphere of health care. The first risk entails the deteriorating food pattern of the Chinese made them inherently sick. Chronic diseases are escalating at a rapid pace (Zhang et al. 2012). A handful of patients become the victims of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, cardiovascular drugs are on high demand. According to 2011 Health Statistics Yearbook, the Ministry of Health (MOH) of China identifies various diseases that lead them to inferno (Www.pacificbridgemedical.com 2014). The second risk necessitates, the traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) play a significant role in the domain of Chinese healthcare. However, Western medicines are the most effective drugs for curing pernicious diseases and surgical procedures. Due to an increasing demand for pharmaceutical drugs, many foreign medicine companies carved out a unique space in the sphere of health care (Hillier et al. 2013). The western drug companies began to identify their target audience and create a phenomenon in the field. In the recent time, the handful of domestic pharmaceutical companies in China remains concentrated and are unable to compete with their foreign counterparts (Chiralli 2014). Therefore, the domestic Chinese drug companies emphasize on the production of generic or specific drugs that cater to the preference of the customers. Generic drug production occupies a colossal part of the pharmaceutical industry of China. Sihuan Pharmaceutical Holdings Group Ltd has set a paradigm in developi ng generic or specific drugs that aim to cure the vital diseases affecting the cardio-vascular system, Central Nervous System. It deals with the maintenance of metabolism and oncology (Www.sihuanpharm.com 2016). Unlike the foreign companies, the local companies have made scarce investment in research and development. Therefore, many foreign firms aimed to co-operate with the foreign players to focus on Sino-foreign joint ventures (JVs). For an instance, the American Taishan Pharmaceuticals Company forms an agreement with a group that involves the China International Exchange Center for Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM), China National Cooperation of Traditional Chinese and Herbal Medicine, and the Shanghai Traditional Chinese Drugs Company (Venkat 2014). However, the foreign companies endeavor to establish their own identity as a wholly foreign-oriented enterprise. Sanofi ($SNY), Eli Lilli ($LLY) and Merck ($ MRK (David et al. 2015) pick the gauntlet of the pharmaceutical business in China. It spawns a hyper-competitive, high-stakes market situation, which can push big sales. With the strengthening of ties with the government, Sanofi aims to provide diabetes training. This type of divergen ce is manifest in the picture The third risk involves, the area of Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) garners low profit from the competitive character and government price cuts. Therefore, the local Chinese drug companies embark on the western-style mechanism of producing medicines (Park et al. 2012). The Chinese pharmaceutical industry is largely segmented, which means that there are scores of manufacturers and sellers without any lump sum market share. Local pharmaceutical companies are particularly small size and accrue a low rate of profit. Therefore, they could not invest on the Research and Development sectors. At the same time, they function in hyper-competitive milieu and possess an insignificant rate of profit (Shao et al. 2013). The fourth risk states that due to a considerable dearth of infrastructure and logistical delivery equipment in the rural regions, it is hard to maintain effective drugs deliverance to Chinas rural areas. The main risk is that the small and concentrated distribution system creates problems, as far as the regulation of drugs is concerned (Chen et al. 2015). The manufacturers often face the problem of covering the whole gamut of rural distribution of medicines. Because of the small size of distributor units, the manufactures could not meet the targets. Therefore, the fourth and the most important challenge explains that there is no composite product tracking system between manufacturers and distributors that makes product tracking mechanism a problematic in the rural region (Bollampally et al. 2015) South Africa Before analyzing the risks and challenges faced by South Africa, it is important to comprehend the nature and the trajectory of the pharmaceutical industry of the region. It is indispensable to have an access to the essential medicines that maintains sustainable balance of health. The number of people with a steady access to essential medicines has leaped to 4 billion in 2002 from a meager 2.1 billion (ECSA Health Community). It is significant to understand the factors that affect the pharmaceutical production of Sub-Saharan Africa and other parts of Africa that encompass the African union. Production and diffusion of medicines in East and South Africa A motley of countries dispersed in East and South Africa have domestic pharmaceutical units. Africa and Kenya maintain a wide array of local manufacturing units. Kenya particularly exports between 35 and 45 % of its medicines to other parts of the country; mainly to East, Central and Southern Africa countries, (Mahomoodally 2013).The pharmaceutical industry of South Africa is highly fragmented. South Africa maintains a limited degree of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) production. Due to an insignificant domestic production of medicines in the regions of South Africa, the part relies on the import of essential medicines (Iwu 2014). Factors affecting the pharmaceutical companies The African Union (AU) Summit developed a Pharmaceutical Manufacturing plan for Africa in 2007. The manufacturing plan locates the defects and crises to domestic medicine production. Firstly, a debilitating policy environment and restricted governmental support, related to the maintenance of a steady domestic investment in the specific field. Secondly, high tariffs on imported units and extravagant interest rates on the credit and other facilities. The main challenge states that the government of South Africa experiences shortage of capital. Due to a lack of credit facilities, the sustenance of the pharmaceutical industry is not maintained (Rezai 2012). Thirdly, dearth of capital and man expertise, as far as the inclusion of scientists and industrial pharmacy is concerned. The recent Deloitte report entitled The Skills Gap in Manufacturing elucidates that the country could hardly maintain a reservoir of talented workers in the present time in South Africa. At the other end of the spe ctrum, there is a source of potential in the regions of South Africa (Www2.deloitte.com 2012). Fourthly, there is a lack of international collaborative ventures. Fifthly, the medicine companies countenance the challenge in using the essential expertise technology for various purposes. Many companies confront shortage of regulatory enforcement that helps to upgrade production standards. Sixthly, weak market base within individual countries and lack of research potential. Afro-Foreign joint ventures In the recent time, the government of South Africa deliberates on the improvement of the pharmaceutical situation by forging alliance with the foreign companies. The government of Mozambique forms a collaborative venture with the government of Brazil. The international partnership culminates in the formation of Mozambican Medications Company (SMM) (Brazil-Mozambique ARV Plant). The joint enterprise emphasizes the production of generic or specific drugs for the treatment of obnoxious diseases such as AIDS and Cancer (ECSA Health Community) In 2007, Cipla Limited, a premier Indian pharmaceutical manufacturer helped Uganda to improve its technical expertise in the field of pharmaceutical industry. These examples reflect the improving character of the pharmaceutical industry in the present time. At the same time, South African pharmacy firms such as IMS Health (Www.imshealth.com 2016) and others deliberate on the development of high-end pharmaceutical companies focusing on the international partnership. The South African pharmaceutical firms such as Sun Pharma embarks on the production and distribution of generic drugs that help to fight against the crucial diseases such as Cancer, diabetes and AIDS (Www.sunpharma.com 2016). Selection and justification In the process of addressing the assignment, the writer selects the country China and substantiates the stance behind the selection of the country. The reason behind choosing the specific country is that the pharmaceutical industry of China is comparatively in a better position than South Africa. The domestic pharmaceuticals of South Africa countenances huge problems, as far as the procurement of medicines is concerned. Therefore, South Africa aims to follow China that has set a quintessential mark by establishing state-owned medicine manufacturing facility. The development of the domestic line helps to cater to the growing demand for medicines and acts as an import substitution scheme. South Africa attempts to bring in a paradigm shift in the sphere of pharmaceuticals. Therefore, the paper selects China as the model country and the discussion centers on the development of pharmaceutical segment of China. In order to expand the horizon of the Australian pharmaceutical industry, the framework of China fits the bill. The Australian pharmacy could extend its reach to the parts of China and enter the Eastern unit of the global marke t. Justification of the proposed entry mode/strategy in the International Business Definition of Participation Strategy: Equity and Non-Equity Mode Foreign market entry modes (Participation Strategy) explain the degree of risk they entails, the regulation of resources they require and the increasing return on investment. There are two major variants of entry modes: equity and non-equity modes. The category of non-equity mode involves export and contractual agreements. In an equity mode, collaborative enterprises and wholly owned subsidiaries are the two facets of the programme. A joint venture is a fledgling entity jointly concocted and owned by two or more principal companies. A combined enterprise allows the organization to share cost, risks and profits. On the hindsight, the joint ventures include many disadvantageous points such as distance, cultural divergence, different goals and stakes. Conversely, a wholly owned subsidiary is an ancillary unit owned by the foreign multinational unit. In the discourse, the writer selects the equity mode of market strategy. In the segment, the joint venture model of the equity mode/entry of marketing strategy should be taken into consideration. Substantiation of the Equity Model with the Australian case The Australian pharmaceutical company (Amcal) aims to expand the purview of the business and extends the control to the eastern region of China. Consequently, the company enters the Eastern part of the global space and engages in collaborative ventures. The Australian company Amcal is an old pharmaceutical company. It wants to specialize in the production of generic or specific medicines produced by China. Therefore, the company of Australia emphasizes on the joint collaboration with Sihuan Pharmaceutical Holdings Group Ltd that particularly produces generic drugs to cure critical diseases. In this manner, the Australian company would extend the scope and the profundity of the business. The Australian pharmaceutical company seeks to form a partnership with the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) giant, Tong Ren Tang through the usage of the equity mode/entry of marketing strategy. Tong Ren Tang maintains the legacy of producing the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) since the 17th century. The company, like the older Chinese companies, aims to accommodate significant market revisions. It is one of the oldest brands for the production of Chinese medicines. The company controls the whole gamut of traditional medicines that include acupuncture, massage and other herbal medicines. Tong Ren Tang forges collaboration with various International countries such as California, San Jose, Germany. Keeping in mind the factors, the writer selects the equity mode/entry of market strategy. Under the equity mode, the concept of joint collaboration is embedded in the narrative. The Australian pharmaceutical company wants to create an alliance with the top ranking Chinese local pharmaceutical ventures such as Sihuan Pharmaceutical group and Tong Ren Tang that underscore the production of generic or specific medicines and the procurement of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Conclusion The assignment explicates the instance of an Australian pharmaceutical company that endeavors to extend the scope of the business and enter the global space. The discussion centers on the background of the Australian Company (AMCAL) that wants to expand the horizon of the business by considering the model of China or South Africa. In the segment, the writer makes a comprehensive analysis of the risks and challenges faced by the health care and pharmaceutical companies of China and South Africa. In the next section, the paper selects a particular country (China) and provides the reason behind the selection. In the last section, the writer picks up the entry/ mode of marketing strategy (Equity mode) and takes into account the Joint Venture aspect of the Equity mode of marketing strategy. At the same time, the assignment also discusses the reasons behind choosing the proposed mode. It gives suitable examples that reflect the alliance between the Australian Company (AMCAL) and the Chines e local medicine companies. In the particular case, the writer selects two Chinese local pharmaceutical companies that specialize in generic medicines and traditional medicines such as Sihuan Pharmaceutical Group and Tong Ren Tang. References: Anon, (2016). [online] Available at: https://Www2.deloitte.com [Accessed 20 Sep. 2016]. Bollampally, K. and Dzever, S., 2015. 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